Evaluation of antifungal activity of semisolid formulations containing hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis
Keywords:
Antifungal Activity, pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms, Red Propolis.Abstract
Red propolis, found in Brazilian Northwest coast, is a new variety of Brazilian propolis and has been studied since 2006, presenting excellent antimicrobial activity. The aim of this work was the development and evaluation of antifungal activity of topical formulations containing red propolis extract. The total of flavonoids found on red propolis extract was 1.8%. The antimicrobial activity was performed against Candida albicans by diffusion method and showed inhibition zone of 13.18 mm ± 2.14 at 600 μg and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was 647.5 μg/ mL. The formulation was developed using as excipients the Lanette™ cream, Polawax™ cream, Hostacerin™ cream-gel, the Aristoflex™ gel and Natrosol™ gel (hydroxyethylcelullose). The formulation containing red propolis that presented the best stability and antifungal activity (inhibition zone of 16.33 mm ± 0.58) was with Lanette™ cream.References
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2. Schmitt EK, Moore CM, Krastel P, Petersen F. Natural products as catalysts for innovation: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2011; 15(4): 497-504. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684800
3. Ledón N, Casacó A, González R, Merino N, González A, Tolón Z. Antipsoriatic,anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of an extract of red propolis. Acta Pharmacologia Sinica. 1997; 18(3): 274-6. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10072950
4. Cabral ISR, Oldoni TLC, Prado A; Bezerra RMN, Alencar SM, Ikegaki M, Rosalen PL. Composição fenólica, atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante da própolis vermelha brasileira. Química Nova. 2009; 32(6): 1523-7. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-40422009000600031&script=sci_arttext
5. Righi AA, Alves TR, Negri G, Marques LM, Breyer H, Salatino A. Brazilian red propolis: unreported substances, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011; 91(13): 2363-2370. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21590778
6. Frozza COS, Garcia CSC, Gambato G, Souza MDO, Salvador M, Moura S, Padilha FF, Seixas FK, Collares T, Borsuk S, Dellagostin OA, Henriques JAP, Roesch-Ely M. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013; 52: 137-142. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512008204
7. Sforcin JM, Fernandes A Jr, Lopes CA, Bankova V, Funari SR. Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000; 73(1-2): 243-49, 2000. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874100003202
8. Kumazawa S, Hamasaka T, Nakayama T. Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry. 2004; 84(3): 329-39. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814603002164
9. Park YK, Alencar SM, Aguiar CL. Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002; 50(9):2502-6. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11958612
10. Salatino A, Teixeira EW, Negril G, Message D. Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005; 2(1): 33-8. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1062153/
11. Daugsch A, Moraes CS, Fort P, Park YK. Brazilian red propolis-chemical composition and botanical origin. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008; 5(4): 435-41. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586321/
12. Alencar SM, Oldoni TLC, Castro ML, Cabral ISR, Costa-Neto CM, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ikegakid M. Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: Red propolis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 113(2): 278-83. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656055
13. Trusheva B, Popova M, Bankova V, Simova S, Marcucci MC, Miorin PL, Pasin FR, Tsvetkova I. Bioactive Constituents of Brazilian Red Propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006; 3(2): 249-54. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475931/
14. Ayres DC, Marcucci MN, Giorgio S. Effects of Brazilian propolis on Leishmania amazonensis. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2007; 102(2): 215-20. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426888
15. Silva BB, Rosalen PL, Cury JA, Ikegaki M, Souza VC, Esteves A, Alencar SM. Chemical Composition and Botanical Origin of Red Propolis, a New Type of Brazilian Propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2007; 5(3): 313-16. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2529384/
16. Awale S, Li F, Onozuka H, Esumi H, Tezuka Y, Kadota S. Constituents of Brazilian red propolis and their preferential cytotoxic activity against human pancreatic PANC-1 cancer cell line in nutrient-deprived condition. Bioorganic& Medicinal Chemistry. 2008; 16(1): 181-89. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950610
17. Souza ET, Neto BA, Lilenbaum W, Santos CS, Silva LCS. Ação da própolis perante Candida albicans. Ciências Médicas. 1989; 8: 39-42.
18. Vargas AC, Loguercio AP, Witt NM, Costa MM, Silva MS, Viana LR. Atividade antimicrobiana “in vitro” de extrato alcoólico e própolis. Ciência Rural. 2003; 34(1): 159-63.
19. Fernandes Jr. A, Lopes MMR, Colombari V, Monteiro ACM, Vieira EP. Atividade antimicrobiana de própolis de Apis mellifera obtidas em três regiões do Brasil. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria. 2006; 36(1): 294-97. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v36n1/a47v36n1.pdf
20. Stepanovic S, Antic N, Dakic I, Vlahovic MS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs. Microbiological Research. 2003; 158(4): 353-7. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14717457
21. Brito KPP, Leite JO, Soares VTB, Araújo ED, Cardoso JC, Maecellini PS. Caracterização físico-química da própolis vermelha e influência nos cuidados de coleta. Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa. 2007.
22. Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Bakmaz M, Knezevic SV. Flavonoid analysis and antimicrobial activity of commercially available propolis products. Acta Pharmaceutica. 2005; 55(4): 423-430. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16375832
23. Brasil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (2007). Guia de controle de qualidade de produtos cosméticos/ Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brasília, 130 p. Disponível em: http://www.anvisa.gov.br/divulga/noticias/2007/guia_cosmetico.pdf
24. Lubi NC, Sato MEO, Gaensly F. Desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas líquida de uso oral isenta de substâncias glicogênicas, com extrato fluido de Mikania glomerata Sprengel - Asteraceae (guaco). Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2003; 13(S1): 43-6. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-695X2003000300017&script=sci_arttext
25. Kim J, Marshall M R, Wei C. Antibacterial activity of some essential oil components against five foodborne pathogens. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 1995; 43(11): 2839-45. Disponível em: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00059a013
26. Sivropoulou A, Kokkini S, Lanaras T, Arsenakis M. Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry. 1995; 43(9): 2384-88. Disponível em: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00057a013
27. Fernandes Jr. A, Sugizaki MF, Fogo ML, Funari SRC, Lopes CAM. In vitro activity of propolis against bacterial and yeast pathogens isolated from human infections. Journal of venomous Animals and Toxins. 1995; 1(2): 63-9. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=s0104-79301995000200003&script=sci_arttext
28. Dotto SR, Travassos RMC, Ferreira R, Santos R, Wagner M. Avaliação da ação antimicrobiana de diferentes medicações usadas em endodontia. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2006; 21(53): 266-269. Disponível em: http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/fo/article/viewFile/1106/878
29. Parekh J, Chanda S. In vitro antibacterial activity of the crude methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa kurz. Flower (Lythraceae). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2007; 38: 204-7. Disponível em:http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-83822007000200004&script=sci_arttext
30. Pereira VG, Gomez RJHC. Atividade antimicrobiana de Lactobacillus acidophilus, contra microrganismos patogênicos veiculados por alimentos. Ciências Agrárias. 2007; 28(2): 229-40. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/3432/0
31. Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e do Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº3, de 19 de janeiro de 2001. Aprova os regulamentos Técnicos de Identidade e Qualidade de Apitoxina, Cera de Abelha, Geléia Real, Geléia Real Liofilizada, Pólen Apícola, Própolis e Extrato de Própolis, conforme consta dos Anexos desta Instrução Normativa. Publicado no Diário Oficial da União de 23/01/2001, Seção 1, Página 18.
32. Barry BW. Dermatological formulations: Percutaneous absorption. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences.1983; 18 (1): 351-402.
33. Salomão K, Pereira PR, Campos LC, Borba CM, Cabello PH, Marcucci MC, de Castro SL. Brazilian propolis: correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008; 5(3): 317-24. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18830454
34. Pereira AS, Seixas FRMS, Neto FRA. Própolis: 100 anos de pesquisa e suas perspectivas futuras. Química Nova. 2002; 25(2): 321-6. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-40422002000200021&script=sci_arttext
35. Castro ML, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Alencar SM, Ikegaki M, Duarte S, Koo H. Propolis from southeastern and northeastern of Brazil: the influence of seasonality in antibacterial activity and phenolic composition. Química Nova. 2007; 30(7): 1512-1516. Disponível em: www.scielo.br/pdf/qn/v30n7/02.pdf
36. López BG-C, Schmidt EM, Eberlin MN, Sawaya ACHF. Phytochemical markers of different types of red propolis. Food Chemistry. 2014; 146: 174-180. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814613013289
37. Farias NC, Buffon MM, Cini R. Avaliação in vitro da ação antifúngica do digluconato de clorhexidina e nistatina no controle do crescimento de Candida albicans. Visão Acadêmica. 2003; 4 (2):83-8. Disponível em: http://www.visaoacademica.ufpr.br/v4n2/farias.htm
38. Ota C, Unterkircher C, Fantinato V, Shimizu MT. Antifungal activity of propolis on different species of Candida. Mycoses. 2001; 44(9-10): 375-8. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00671.x/abstract
39. Packer JF, Luz MMS. Método para avaliação e pesquisa da atividade antimicrobiana de produtos de origem natural. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2007; 17(1): 102-7. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-695X2007000100019&script=sci_arttext
40. Batista JM, Birman EG, Cury AE. Susceptibility to antifungal drugs of Candida albicans strains isolated from patients with denture stomatitis. Revista de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. 1999; 13(4): 343-8. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rousp/v13n4/13n4a04.pdf
2. Schmitt EK, Moore CM, Krastel P, Petersen F. Natural products as catalysts for innovation: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 2011; 15(4): 497-504. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21684800
3. Ledón N, Casacó A, González R, Merino N, González A, Tolón Z. Antipsoriatic,anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of an extract of red propolis. Acta Pharmacologia Sinica. 1997; 18(3): 274-6. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10072950
4. Cabral ISR, Oldoni TLC, Prado A; Bezerra RMN, Alencar SM, Ikegaki M, Rosalen PL. Composição fenólica, atividade antibacteriana e antioxidante da própolis vermelha brasileira. Química Nova. 2009; 32(6): 1523-7. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-40422009000600031&script=sci_arttext
5. Righi AA, Alves TR, Negri G, Marques LM, Breyer H, Salatino A. Brazilian red propolis: unreported substances, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011; 91(13): 2363-2370. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21590778
6. Frozza COS, Garcia CSC, Gambato G, Souza MDO, Salvador M, Moura S, Padilha FF, Seixas FK, Collares T, Borsuk S, Dellagostin OA, Henriques JAP, Roesch-Ely M. Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2013; 52: 137-142. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512008204
7. Sforcin JM, Fernandes A Jr, Lopes CA, Bankova V, Funari SR. Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000; 73(1-2): 243-49, 2000. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874100003202
8. Kumazawa S, Hamasaka T, Nakayama T. Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry. 2004; 84(3): 329-39. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814603002164
9. Park YK, Alencar SM, Aguiar CL. Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002; 50(9):2502-6. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11958612
10. Salatino A, Teixeira EW, Negril G, Message D. Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005; 2(1): 33-8. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1062153/
11. Daugsch A, Moraes CS, Fort P, Park YK. Brazilian red propolis-chemical composition and botanical origin. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008; 5(4): 435-41. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586321/
12. Alencar SM, Oldoni TLC, Castro ML, Cabral ISR, Costa-Neto CM, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Ikegakid M. Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: Red propolis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 113(2): 278-83. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17656055
13. Trusheva B, Popova M, Bankova V, Simova S, Marcucci MC, Miorin PL, Pasin FR, Tsvetkova I. Bioactive Constituents of Brazilian Red Propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006; 3(2): 249-54. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475931/
14. Ayres DC, Marcucci MN, Giorgio S. Effects of Brazilian propolis on Leishmania amazonensis. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2007; 102(2): 215-20. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426888
15. Silva BB, Rosalen PL, Cury JA, Ikegaki M, Souza VC, Esteves A, Alencar SM. Chemical Composition and Botanical Origin of Red Propolis, a New Type of Brazilian Propolis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2007; 5(3): 313-16. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2529384/
16. Awale S, Li F, Onozuka H, Esumi H, Tezuka Y, Kadota S. Constituents of Brazilian red propolis and their preferential cytotoxic activity against human pancreatic PANC-1 cancer cell line in nutrient-deprived condition. Bioorganic& Medicinal Chemistry. 2008; 16(1): 181-89. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950610
17. Souza ET, Neto BA, Lilenbaum W, Santos CS, Silva LCS. Ação da própolis perante Candida albicans. Ciências Médicas. 1989; 8: 39-42.
18. Vargas AC, Loguercio AP, Witt NM, Costa MM, Silva MS, Viana LR. Atividade antimicrobiana “in vitro” de extrato alcoólico e própolis. Ciência Rural. 2003; 34(1): 159-63.
19. Fernandes Jr. A, Lopes MMR, Colombari V, Monteiro ACM, Vieira EP. Atividade antimicrobiana de própolis de Apis mellifera obtidas em três regiões do Brasil. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria. 2006; 36(1): 294-97. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v36n1/a47v36n1.pdf
20. Stepanovic S, Antic N, Dakic I, Vlahovic MS. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs. Microbiological Research. 2003; 158(4): 353-7. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14717457
21. Brito KPP, Leite JO, Soares VTB, Araújo ED, Cardoso JC, Maecellini PS. Caracterização físico-química da própolis vermelha e influência nos cuidados de coleta. Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa. 2007.
22. Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Bakmaz M, Knezevic SV. Flavonoid analysis and antimicrobial activity of commercially available propolis products. Acta Pharmaceutica. 2005; 55(4): 423-430. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16375832
23. Brasil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (2007). Guia de controle de qualidade de produtos cosméticos/ Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brasília, 130 p. Disponível em: http://www.anvisa.gov.br/divulga/noticias/2007/guia_cosmetico.pdf
24. Lubi NC, Sato MEO, Gaensly F. Desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas líquida de uso oral isenta de substâncias glicogênicas, com extrato fluido de Mikania glomerata Sprengel - Asteraceae (guaco). Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2003; 13(S1): 43-6. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-695X2003000300017&script=sci_arttext
25. Kim J, Marshall M R, Wei C. Antibacterial activity of some essential oil components against five foodborne pathogens. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, 1995; 43(11): 2839-45. Disponível em: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00059a013
26. Sivropoulou A, Kokkini S, Lanaras T, Arsenakis M. Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry. 1995; 43(9): 2384-88. Disponível em: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00057a013
27. Fernandes Jr. A, Sugizaki MF, Fogo ML, Funari SRC, Lopes CAM. In vitro activity of propolis against bacterial and yeast pathogens isolated from human infections. Journal of venomous Animals and Toxins. 1995; 1(2): 63-9. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=s0104-79301995000200003&script=sci_arttext
28. Dotto SR, Travassos RMC, Ferreira R, Santos R, Wagner M. Avaliação da ação antimicrobiana de diferentes medicações usadas em endodontia. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2006; 21(53): 266-269. Disponível em: http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/fo/article/viewFile/1106/878
29. Parekh J, Chanda S. In vitro antibacterial activity of the crude methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa kurz. Flower (Lythraceae). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2007; 38: 204-7. Disponível em:http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-83822007000200004&script=sci_arttext
30. Pereira VG, Gomez RJHC. Atividade antimicrobiana de Lactobacillus acidophilus, contra microrganismos patogênicos veiculados por alimentos. Ciências Agrárias. 2007; 28(2): 229-40. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/3432/0
31. Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e do Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº3, de 19 de janeiro de 2001. Aprova os regulamentos Técnicos de Identidade e Qualidade de Apitoxina, Cera de Abelha, Geléia Real, Geléia Real Liofilizada, Pólen Apícola, Própolis e Extrato de Própolis, conforme consta dos Anexos desta Instrução Normativa. Publicado no Diário Oficial da União de 23/01/2001, Seção 1, Página 18.
32. Barry BW. Dermatological formulations: Percutaneous absorption. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences.1983; 18 (1): 351-402.
33. Salomão K, Pereira PR, Campos LC, Borba CM, Cabello PH, Marcucci MC, de Castro SL. Brazilian propolis: correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2008; 5(3): 317-24. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18830454
34. Pereira AS, Seixas FRMS, Neto FRA. Própolis: 100 anos de pesquisa e suas perspectivas futuras. Química Nova. 2002; 25(2): 321-6. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-40422002000200021&script=sci_arttext
35. Castro ML, Cury JA, Rosalen PL, Alencar SM, Ikegaki M, Duarte S, Koo H. Propolis from southeastern and northeastern of Brazil: the influence of seasonality in antibacterial activity and phenolic composition. Química Nova. 2007; 30(7): 1512-1516. Disponível em: www.scielo.br/pdf/qn/v30n7/02.pdf
36. López BG-C, Schmidt EM, Eberlin MN, Sawaya ACHF. Phytochemical markers of different types of red propolis. Food Chemistry. 2014; 146: 174-180. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814613013289
37. Farias NC, Buffon MM, Cini R. Avaliação in vitro da ação antifúngica do digluconato de clorhexidina e nistatina no controle do crescimento de Candida albicans. Visão Acadêmica. 2003; 4 (2):83-8. Disponível em: http://www.visaoacademica.ufpr.br/v4n2/farias.htm
38. Ota C, Unterkircher C, Fantinato V, Shimizu MT. Antifungal activity of propolis on different species of Candida. Mycoses. 2001; 44(9-10): 375-8. Disponível em: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00671.x/abstract
39. Packer JF, Luz MMS. Método para avaliação e pesquisa da atividade antimicrobiana de produtos de origem natural. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2007; 17(1): 102-7. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-695X2007000100019&script=sci_arttext
40. Batista JM, Birman EG, Cury AE. Susceptibility to antifungal drugs of Candida albicans strains isolated from patients with denture stomatitis. Revista de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. 1999; 13(4): 343-8. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rousp/v13n4/13n4a04.pdf
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2014-10-08
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Bittencourt, F. O., Padilha, F. F., Siqueira, A. L., Dantas, C. G., Mendonça, L. S. de, Araújo, Y. L. F. M., … Cardoso, J. C. (2014). Evaluation of antifungal activity of semisolid formulations containing hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis. Scientia Plena, 10(10). Retrieved from https://scientiaplena.org.br/sp/article/view/1914
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